Glossary of terms

Ablactation - or rapprochement, is used when other methods of vaccination fail. On the stock from the opposite side of the trunk from the eye, a small area of ​ ​ the bark is cut off. A strip of bark is also removed at the privat. Places with cut bark are connected, tied and covered with garden varnish. In this case, the graft is separated from the mother plant only after it has grown together with the stock.

Abscisic acid is a plant hormone. By chemical nature - isoprenoid. It induces and increases the period of rest, accelerates the formation of the separating layer when the leaves fall, inhibits the growth of segments of stems and coleoptiles. It accumulates in autumn in seeds and kidneys. The level of abscisic acid in tissues depends on the ratio of its synthesis and decay (oxidation) or binding (glycosidation). Biosynthesis of abscisic acid and growth hormones - gibberellin comes from the common metabolic precursor - mevalonic acid. It is believed that there is a system for switching the routes of conversion of mevalonic acid to abscisic acid or gibberellins, regulated by an excess of one of these products.

Acaricides - from acarus - tick, - drugs that destroy herbivorous ticks. Not to be confused with insecticides! Ticks belong to the class of arachnids, the rest of the majority of flower pests (thrips, caterpillars, scale insects) belong to the class of insects, so insecticides do not work on the tick. Moreover, very often the long-term use of the same drug causes the addiction of the pest, as a result, some of the individuals survive, breed, and are not susceptible to the action of the previously used agent. Therefore, it is recommended to alternate spraying with various drugs when fighting ticks.

Axilla - from lat. axilla - armpit, is the sinus between the papillae in some cactus genera. It is from the axilla that flowers, new shoots, spines (and modified spines - hairs) develop. Axilla is a growth point.

Actinomorphic flower - from Greek. Aktis - ray and morphe - shape , - regular flower, has more than two planes of symmetry (symmetry is determined by perianth, most often by corolla). It is characteristic of many dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous families. Actinomorphic flowers can be dioecious (in clove, pink, umbrella) or spider-petal (in nightshade, bell-shaped). Often pollinated by insects, therefore, sometimes actinomorphic flowers, like zygomorphic flowers, produce various devices for pollination by specialized pollinators (scales in the pharynx, a very long corolla tube, etc.).

Androce - a set of stamens on a flower (see flower). The form of androcea can be different in different families and genera of plants. So in buttercups and cacti, the adnrosome is a spiral. In rosaceae, stamens are arranged in a circle. In some plant families, the androce is represented by stamens fused at the base, i.e. represents a bunch of stamens. And for example, peas have only 10 stamens, while 9 of them are fused at the base, and one stands separately, see stamens.

Apex - from the Latin apex, genus. p. apicis - top . This is the apex of the shoot and root, consisting of the primary  meristem, which ensures the formation of all parts and primary tissues of the shoot. On the apex of the  shoot , protrusions are formed - tubercles  or rollers (leaf buds), the so-called leaf primordia. Root  apex is always smooth .
At the  apex of the shoot , only the cone remains smooth. In shape and size, apex can be different not only in different species, but also in one plant or a separate shoot at different periods of its morphogenesis . The classification of apex is not developed. Usually they are divided into 3 types: with one initial cell of the apical meristem (fern-shaped ), with several initials in one layer (gymnosperms), with several initials in two or more layers (most flowering). Often the terms "Apex of escape " and "Apex of the root" are used as a synonym for the term "apical meristem." Apex is often called the growth cone. 

Apocarpy is a complete loss of the ability to form fruit.

Apocarpium is a fruit formed by free or partially fused carpels.

Range - from lat. Area - area, space, - part of the earth's surface (territory or water area), within which this taxon is distributed and undergoes a full cycle of its development (species, genus, family, etc.). The range is as integral a part of the taxon's characterization as the morphology and its ecological features. The space on which the formation of the species occurs is called the primary Areal. The formed Area can then expand as a result of resettlement or decrease due to the extinction (or destruction) of the species in part of the space inhabited by it.

Arillus - from lat. arillus - mantle, seedling, roof. Usually a fleshy formation that occurs in many plants on the seed or ovule and partially or completely covers the seed. Arillus fabrics, as a rule, contain sugars, oils. Arillus promotes the spread of seeds by animals, for example ants (celandine), wind, water, sometimes - opening the fruit (nutmeg), separation of the seed from the placenta (barnacle). False Arillus (arilloid) arises from the tissue of the integration and does not close the micropile when growing. This is either a small outgrowth in the area of ​ ​ the micropile (euphorbia, source, boxwood) - caruncle, or glandular outgrowth along the seed suture (celandine), or in the area of ​ ​ the ovule - strophiol. Mature Arillus is often brightly colored (yew, euklet).

Areola is a modified kidney, which is a growth point, characteristic only of representatives of the cactus family. According to the same principle as ordinary plants have apical and lateral buds, the cactus has an apical areola, the so-called axilla and lateral areoles. Many cacti are able to stop the growth of isaxilla at some point and begin to develop shoots from the lateral areoles. This ability is genetically assigned to individual plant species. That is why mammilaria "babies" are so easily formed, and cerius grow literally as a pillar. It is from the areoles that the cactus grows spines and flowers appear.

Assimilation is the process of the formation of chemicals due to the processes of photosynthesis.

Auxins - from Greek. auxano - I increase, grow - plant hormones, indole derivatives. Formed in apical meristems (see apex) and stimulate cellular stretching. One of the most common auxins is betta-indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA), or heteroauxin, whose biochemical precursor is tryptophan. Auxins stimulate the growth of coleoptiles (a hollow cylindrical formation surrounding a non-unfolded leaf at the seedling of a monocotyledonous plant), stems, leaves and roots, cause their bends, and also enhance root formation at cuttings. The action of auxins facilitates the stretching of the growing cell under the influence of turgor pressure. Auxins also enhance cell proliferation in callus cultures (see callus) and in the formation of subordinate roots in cuttings. In combination with cytokinins, uxins stimulate cell differentiation and induce root laying in tissue culture.

An acyclic flower is a spiral flower, all elements of which (tepals, stamens, carpels) are arranged in a spiral. The receptacle is usually convex, often conical. Acyclic flowers are characteristic of primitive flowering plants, mainly multi-flowered (magnolia, buttercup, etc.). Acyclic flowers are usually actinomorphic, less often zygomorphic (aconite, liveliness). From A. ts. hemicyclic and cyclic flowers developed.

Aerophytes - from the Greek . aer - air, - "air" plants, receiving all the necessary nutrients from the atmosphere. Aerophytes include epiphytes, as well as some mosses settling on tree trunks and branches (and even on leaves), very few algae living on tree bark, and some lichens.

Basal leaves - leaves growing at the base of the trunk (stem), usually forming a basal rosette. They often differ in size and shape from the leaves that grow on the vertical stems of the plant.

Bulba (pseudobulba) is a thickened part of the stem in sympodial orchids. They act as an accumulator of nutrients and water, in case of prolonged drought, which is typical for plants leading an epiphytic lifestyle. Bulbs have a variety of shapes, depending on the type of orchids - cylindrical, cone-shaped, club-shaped or spherical. Each bulb has one or two leaves. But since the nutrient stores are in the bulbs, the leaves of such orchids are usually thin and narrow, gradually dying away. Monopodial orchids do not have bulbs and their stores of nutrients and water are deposited in juicy fleshy leaves.

Vaya (from the Greek. Baion - palm branch) - a large, strongly dissected, branch-like fern leaf (sometimes palm leaves).

Growing season or vegetation - the period from sowing to ripening of a flower (fruit, medicinal, garden, agricultural crop). Simply put - a period of growth. In our latitude, it lasts from about March to September. At this time, plants grow and consume nutrients, so it is at this time that transplantation and fertilization is carried out.

Vegetative organs are parts of plants that perform the main functions of nutrition and metabolism with the external environment. They are not directly involved in spore formation and sexual reproduction, but can perform the function of vegetative reproduction. The main vegetative organs are stems, leaves (providing photosynthesis) and roots (providing water supply and mineral nutrition).

Vegetative hybridization - obtaining hybrids by grafting, i.e. by artificially combining plants belonging to different species or genera into a physiologically single organism. Vegetative hybridization is aimed at changing the metabolism and thereby the nature of the body. When affecting the metabolic processes between the graft and the rootstock, you can control the degree of influence of the rootstock on the graft, or vice versa on the rootstock.

At the same time, of the two parts of the plant obtained by vaccination, it will experience a greater influence, which is younger in age.

The most variable under the influence of vaccination are young seedlings of hybrid origin. Michurin developed the so-called mentor method - when a hybrid seedling to be raised is grafted with a plant of a different variety, the rootstock is called a mentor - which means "educator." Only plants with established heredity and low variability are used as a mentor. The mentor can be not only a rootstock, but also a graft.

Corolla - from corolla - inner, - usually a brightly colored part of the double perianth, consisting of petals. Corolla can be dioecious (Brunfelsia) and splicey or spiny (loach, nightshade). Usually, the corolla is the most noticeable part of the flower, characterized by a variety of shapes, colors and sizes, and is one of the fundamental species and varietal differences, due to its high evolutionary plasticity, i.e. the ability to undergo morphological variability of stamens during the evolution of flowering plants, or during the modification of sepals. According to famous botanists: E. A. N. Arber and J. Parkiy (1907), B. M. Kozo-Polyansky (1922), A. Eames (1961) and J. L. Stebbins (1974), there are two ways of developing petals in flowering: "andropetals" (stamen petals) and "bracteopetals" (petals of bracts). Bright representatives of the andropetal group are the family of nymphaeum, begonium, and the group of bracteopetals are the family of badian, lemongrass.

Species - a set of individuals with common morphophysiological features, capable of crossing with each other under natural conditions, and collectively occupying a common continuous or partially torn range.

Foliar feeding is a method of fertilization in which plants receive nutrients through the leaves. In this case, a solution of mineral (or complex) fertilizers is diluted, but, as a rule, in a concentration two times less than when applied under the root with water for watering and sprayed on the sheet. It should be noted that it is better to do extra-root feeding not in sunlight (some elements decompose under the influence of light, and besides, the plant can get burns).

Brood buds (in flowering plants and ferns) are specialized buds that fall off the plant and give rise to new plants. Brood buds form in the axils of leaves, (lilies), on leaves along their edge (bryophyllum) and veins (asplenium viviparous) or on whiplash-drawn leaf tops (wandering fern Satptosorus rhizophyllus).

Hemicyclic flower - from the Greek. Hemi - semi - and kyidos - circle, - a flower in which some parts are arranged in a spiral, others - in circles. Most often, stamens and carpels are arranged in a spiral, and tepals are arranged in a circle (some from the Annonian family). Sometimes the calyx and carpels are arranged in a spiral, and the corolla and stamens are arranged in a circle (rosehip). The hemicyclic flower occupies an intermediate position between acyclic and cyclic flowers and is considered primitive.

Heterosis - from the Greek heteroicsis - change, termination, or "hybrid power" - the superiority of hybrids in a number of characters and properties over parental forms. As a rule, heterosis is characteristic of first-generation hybrids obtained by crossing unrelated forms: various varieties and even species. In further generations (crossing hybrids with each other), its effect is weakened and disappears.

Heterostilia - from hetero... and... style, or difference in stamina - the presence in plants of the same species of two or three forms of flowers, differing in the length of the columns and the location of the stamens. There are even trimorphic forms of plants - with short-, medium- and long-columnar flowers, for example, in ebony oriole. Heterostyly - adaptation of plants with bisexual flowers to cross-pollination. Known from representatives of 24 families of flowering plants  .  

Hypocotyl - from hypo... and greek. kotyle - depression, bowl, - subfamilial knee, a section of the stem of the seedling of a seed plant below the cotyledonous node. The hypocotyl goes down to the root and often has an anatomical structure with signs of both stem and root. In some plants, the length of the hypocotyl is so small that it all remains in the soil, and cotyledons are not brought to the surface (forehead, peas). In others, the tissues of the hypocotyl grow so much that they rise high above the ground, taking bizarre forms (opurculicaria, ficus microcarpa) (see caudex).

Gibberellins are plant hormones from the group of diterpenoid acids. Denoted by GA1_, GA2_, GA3 ₍in the sequence of isolation and establishment of the structure). Having the same molecular skeleton, gibberellins differ from each other in type, number and location of functional groups. In small concentrations, gibberellins are widely distributed among higher plants as endogenous growth regulators. At higher concentrations, gibberellins are produced by fungi Fusarium moniliforme (cause hypertrophied rice growth), Sphaceloma manihoticola and possibly other microorganisms. In total, about 40 gibberellins have been identified in plants.

In plants, gibberellins are synthesized in intensively growing organs - forming seeds, apical stem buds, less often in the roots. In ontogenesis, the assortment and content of gibberellins change: during seed germination or flowering, physiologically inactive gibberellins - precursors or related forms of the most active gibberellins - turn into the latter (for example, in _GA3), and during fruit ripening and transition to rest, active gibberellins form inactive forms (glucosides, glucose esters, as well as catabolic products) The most characteristic physiological effect of gibberellins is the acceleration of organ growth (to a greater extent the stem, to a lesser extent the root) due to both cell division and stretching. In addition, gibberellins interrupt the dormant period in seeds, tubers and bulbs, induce flowering of long-day plants at a short bottom, stimulate pollen germination, cause fruit parthenocarp, and eliminate physiological and genetic dwarfism.

Gibberellins are the only known phytohormones for which a direct effect on enzyme biosynthesis has been proven. For example, in germinating seeds of cereals, gibberellins formed in the embryo pass into the endosperm, where they induce the formation of RNA responsible for the biosynthesis of alphaamylase and other hydrolytic enzymes. This effect provides mobilization of seed spares.

Hybrid - from lat. Hibrida, hybrida - a mixture, an organism (cell) obtained as a result of combining genetic material of genotypically different organisms (cells), i.e. hybridization. In natural populations of cross-pollinating plants, almost every individual is heterozygous for many genes, that is, it is a hybrid, which is necessary to maintain a certain level of genotypic variability in the population. Distant hybrids (of different taxa - species, genera, families) are quite rare in nature and, as a rule, are sterile. This suggests that natural selection hinders both their education and their survival. However, the appearance of some plant species was associated with the formation of distant hybrids.

Hybridization is the process of forming or obtaining hybrids (or obtaining different varieties, varieties, species and genera), which is based on combining the genetic material of different cells in one cell. It can be carried out within the same species (intraspecific hybridization - hybrids are characterized by heterozygosity for many or the analyzed gene) and between different systematic groups (distant hybridization, in which different genomes are combined).

• Sexual and vegetative hybridization of plants have a common basis, which is the metabolism between the connecting components, their mutual assimilation activity (see assimilation).
• During sexual hybridization during fertilization, both uniting germ cells, both maternal and paternal, assimilate each other. In the end, instead of two cells, a new hybrid cell is obtained, which gives rise to a new organism that combines the hereditary signs of paternal and maternal forms.
• In vegetative hybridization, properties and traits are also transferred to offspring, i.e., vegetative hybrids do not differ from hybrids obtained sexually by crossing.
  Hybridization causes wide variability of plants, they have a shattered heredity. This is especially true for those plants that are constantly in the process of breeding new varieties and species (senpoli, roses, etc.).
• Hybrids often have completely new properties that the original forms did not yet have. The art of hybridization is precisely to consolidate the signs obtained.

Hygrophytes are plants of moist habitats, they, unlike xerophytes, have no devices that limit the consumption of water. Leaf blades, as a rule, are thin, large, with an underdeveloped cuticle (they are characterized by high cuticular transpiration). The stems are long, the mechanical tissues almost undeveloped; the root system is weak, so even a slight lack of water causes them to fade markedly. Most of these are plants of tropical rainforests and swamps.

Gynoecium is a collection of pistils on a flower (see flower).

Humus is the most fertile surface layer of the earth. It is an organic matter produced by the decomposition of plants and the processing of decomposition products by earthworms. They are especially rich in humus, garden compost, peat and black soil. Humus is an indicator of soil fertility. Plants cannot absorb humic substances directly from the soil - microorganisms contribute to the absorption process.

Guttation - from lat. Gutta - drop, - release by plant leaves (through water stomata - hydathodes - at the edges and tips of the leaves) of droplet liquid under the influence of root pressure, when the flow of water into the plant exceeds transpiration. It is often observed early in the morning or in conditions of high humidity in many plants (monster). The significance of guttation, apparently, is that the plant is freed from excess water and salts.

Dorsoventral - from lat. Dorsum - back and venter - belly - a term used in relation to the structure of thallic plants (lichens, fern shoots, etc.), as well as flat organs of higher plants, for example, leaves in which ventral (leaves - upper inner, thallus - lower, facing the substrate) and dorsal (in leaves - lower outer, in thallus - upper) sides.

Breathing is a natural process inherent in plants throughout life. If photosynthesis occurs in plant tissues only during the daytime, then breathing is constantly present. Respiration occurs in all organs and tissues - in all living cells of the plant. The breathing process is nothing more than the process of decay of organic substances with the participation of free oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide and water, accompanied by the release of energy. Under conditions of sufficient illumination, the process of photosynthesis prevails in tissues - the process of creating and accumulating organic substances.

With the weakening of the intensity of light, photosynthesis weakens and breathing prevails. The loss of organic matter becomes clearly noticeable in conditions of insufficient illumination of plants, especially in winter. The plant begins to "starve," loses leaves, takes ugly forms (for example, in cacti). Therefore, in winter, plants need to be placed as close to light as possible, or to arrange additional artificial lighting - this increases the processes of photosynthesis and to some extent reduces the consumption of organic substances for breathing processes.

Since respiration is also carried out by the root system, the soil should be sufficiently breathable in all plants without exception. That is why it is impossible to allow the air gaps between the soil particles to be filled with water - the lack of oxygen weakens the breathing of the roots and the flow of nutrients from the soil decreases, in addition, useful microorganisms living in the soil and using oxygen die.

Ovary - by position on the receptacle, the upper, middle and lower ovaries are distinguished. The ovary is called superior if it sits loosely on a convex, flat or concave receptacle above the base of the perianth. The middle ovary grows up to half with the receptacle, while its upper half remains free.
The lower ovary is formed with complete fusion of the ovary with the receptacle below the base of the perianth. The ovary can be one-, two-, three- , and many-nested.

Zygomorphic flower - from the Greek. Zygou - pair and morphe - form - flower, the perianth of which has one plane of symmetry. Usually this plane passes through the middle of the bract, pedicel and the axis of the inflorescence, i.e. coincides with the median plane of the flower (orchid); rarely there are flowers in which the plane of symmetry is perpendicular to the median plane. The appearance of a zygomorphic flower is the result of adaptation to pollination by insects, which can penetrate the flower in a single way.

Insecticides - from lat. insectum - insect and caedo - kill. Chemical preparations to kill harmful insects on indoor and garden plants and crops.

According to the type of effect on the pest, insecticides are classified as:

• Contact insecticides - neutralization upon contact with the body of the pest. This group of insecticides is quite unstable, easily washed off with water, does not penetrate plant tissues.
• Intestinal insecticides - enter the body of the pest and poison it. Insecticides are also poorly resistant to external factors - light, wind, rain or spraying.
• Systemic insecticides - contain chemicals absorbed by the plant and distributed throughout the vascular system in all parts of the plant. The principle of exposure is the same as that of intestinal insecticides - poisoning a pest that gnaws or sucks a plant.

Of all insecticides, by far the best are systemic. First of all, in terms of ease of use, he poured a solution over the ground, and that's it, no spraying in a respirator. Example: actara and confidor, which are very effective against a number of pests: aphids, scale insects, thrips, mealybugs (but not effective against mites).

Intestinal and contact insecticides are applied to the plant by spraying or bathing foliage in the basin, and therefore require safety precautions (work in a ventilated non-residential room, protection of the respiratory tract). To destroy soil pests (larvae of mushroom mosquitoes, root worms, millipedes, slugs, etc.), the soil is watered with a solution.

By pest species affected by insecticides, they are classified as:

• Continuous insecticides - against a number of pests (carbofos, actellic)
• Nematocides are drugs against nematodes (worms), this group of drugs is not used at home due to high toxicity to humans and animals.
• Acaricides are drugs that affect only ticks (neoron).
• Insectoacaricides are drugs that kill both ticks and insect pests.
  

Callus - from lat. callus - thick skin, callus, - tissue formed in plants at the site of wounds and contributing to their healing. It consists of more or less homogeneous parenchymal cells, the beginning of which will be given by the wound meristem. Callus elements are poorly differentiated, but growth due to the activity of meristematic cells is observed near its surface. Adnexal roots and kidneys can be laid in the callus, the outer cells of the callus poke out. Callus (callus) also occurs during vaccinations, ensuring the fusion of the graft with the stock, at the base of the cuttings. It is used to produce a culture of isolated tissues.

Cambium - from cambium - exchange, change, - a single-row layer of cells of educational tissue, due to which secondary thickening of the stems and roots of plants is carried out. Bundle cambium separates inside from itself cells differentiating into elements of secondary xylem (wood), and outside - cells differentiating into elements of secondary phloem (bast). Cells of the so-called inter-bundle cambium form parenchymal cells of the rays that separate the conductive bundles. Plants with active secondary thickening have two types of cambium cells: long, fusiform, and short, collected in longitudinal cords, forming lube wood rays. Cambium can be tiered if on longitudinal sections the endings of the spindle-shaped cells are at the same level, and non-tiered if they are located randomly.

Caudex - from lat. caudex - trunk, stump, - hypocotyl located between the root and cotyledonous leaves or leaf in monocotyledons (the structure of the hypocotyl bears signs of both stem and root), has the form of a thickening (underground or terrestrial), serves as a supply of nutrients and water. Caudex can have various shapes (spherical, bottle shape, columnar, etc.). Caudex (hypocotyl) cover tissues, as a rule, have been tested.

Cambium is a layer of cells of educational tissue found in the stems and roots between wood and bast. In leaves, cambium is located in conductive bundles, between phloem and xylem. Cambium gives rise to secondary conductive tissues. Due to the division of cambium cells, the roots and shoots of plants grow in thickness (mainly dicotyledonous flowering and gymnosperms).

Caudiciform - plants with pronounced caudex. The difference from the rest of the succulents in the origin of caudex (from hypocoticles), while other succulents may have thickened leaves, roots and stems.

Kerbovka is a technique that allows you to awaken or slow down the growth of the kidney. This is done by cutting out a small area of ​ ​ the cortex above the kidney if it is required to activate its growth, or under the kidney if it is required to extinguish its growth. Strips from 5 mm long are enough (in indoor plants, for example, ficus trees) to 2 cm (depending on the thickness of the branch in garden plants, for example, apple trees). The incision of the bark is made in the form of a straight strip or crescent, and on thicker trunks it is more efficient to cut the bark with a crescent (half moon). Carry out kerbovka in early spring, before the kidneys wake up, see "Kerbovka"

Soil acidity - an important indicator of the suitability of a substrate (soil mixture) for growing certain plants - reflects the concentration of hydrogen ions in the medium. Measured in units of pH (necessarily indicated on high-quality soils sold in the store). Neutral medium corresponds to pH 7, acidic below 7, alkaline above 7. A decrease in pH means an increase in acidity, and an increase in alkalinity. The soil containing a lot of lime has an alkaline reaction. Soils lacking lime have an acidic reaction. Most houseplants require slightly acidic soil, but there are exceptions preferring an acidic substrate or conversely neutral or alkaline - see "About soil and plant transplantation"

Cladonium - a modified, flattened stem in some plants that do not have real leaves or quickly lose them; performs the function of photosynthesis (euphorbia, stapelia).

Coleoptile - from the Greek. Koleos - scabbard, case and ptilon - feather - vaginal leaf, the first (colorless, green or reddish) cereal leaf. Unlike real leaves, it does not have a leaf blade and is a closed tube in which leaf rudiments are enclosed (the first of them is a feather) and a growing cone. The coleoptile grows, breaks through the soil with a hard (due to high turgor) tip, then breaks, and the first green leaf comes out through the breakthrough (develops from a feather). In the future, the coleoptile dries up.

Copulation - grafting with a handle. Intergrowth is successful if the graft and rootstock are the same thickness. The rootstock is associated with graft, the place of vaccination is coated with garden var.

The root - radix - is one of the main vegetative organs of leaf stalk plants, serving to attach to the substrate, absorb water and nutrients from it. Phylogenetically, the root arose later than the stem, and probably came  from root-like branches (rhizomoids) of the first plants (rhiniophytes) that came out on land. Similar rhizomonds from living plants have been preserved only in psilotaceae. The real roots originally appeared in the plow-like and fern-like, the most complex structure - in seed plants. The germ of the root is laid at the embryo and then develops into the main root, which branches endogenously (from the pericycle) and gives lateral roots. On other organs (stems, leaves) endogenously form subordinate roots.

Root and root system - a set of roots of one plant, the general shape and nature of which is determined by the ratio of growth of the main, lateral and subordinate roots. With the predominant growth of the main root, a rod root system (lupine) is formed, with weak growth or death of the main root and the development of a large number of subordinate roots - a fibrous root system (azaleas). The degree of development of the root system depends on the habitat: in the forest zone on podzolic, poorly aerated soils, the root system is 90% concentrated in the surface layer (10-15 cm). In the zone of semi-deserts and deserts in some plants, it is superficial, using early spring precipitation (ephemera) or condensation, in others it is very deep, penetrating several meters into the ground.

Rhizome - from rhizome, - an underground more or less durable escape of perennial herbaceous plants, as well as shrubs, serving for the deposition of spare substances, vegetative renewal and reproduction. It differs from the root by the presence of scaly leaves, scars from fallen leaves (sometimes their dry remains), buds and subordinate roots, and the absence of a root cover. The rhizome (rhizome) grows annually and forms aerial shoots from the apical or axillary buds. Often rhizomes form branched systems. The old parts of the rhizome are gradually destroyed. Long rhizomes with significant annual growths and well-defined internodes (wheatgrass) serve mainly for vegetative reproduction and dispersal, short rhizomes with small annual growths and close nodes (iris) - mainly for storage and vegetative renewal. Rhizomes are formed either directly in the soil (lily of the valley, blueberries) - the so-called hypogeogenic, or first grow as above-ground assimilating shoots, which then gradually sink into the soil (cuff) - i.e. epigeogenic.

Root pressure - in plants, the pressure in the conductive vessels of the roots, providing (along with transpiration), the supply of water to aboveground organs. It arises mainly as a result of the excess of osmotic pressure in the root vessels (usually 1-3 atm.) Over the osmotic pressure of the soil solution as a result of the active release of mineral and organic substances into the vessels by the root cells. The reverse flow of fluid from vessels under the influence of root pressure is hindered by a layer of endoderm cells with suberinized membranes. The result of high root pressure is plant "crying" (release of moisture droplets) and guttation.

Root offspring - from soboles, - an aboveground shoot of the plant, developing from the root appendage of the kidney. It serves for vegetative reproduction of mainly dicotyledonous plants (cordylin, aglaonema).

Root cover - from calyptras, - protective formation of a growing root tip. A multilayer cone-shaped cap of living parenchymal cells with decaying shells and mobile starch grains (statolites) involved in root geotropic reactions. It is differentiated in the early stages of the development of the root from calyptrogen (for example, in cereals and other monocotyledons) or from the apical meristem (in many dicotyledonous and gymnosperms). In aquatic plants, the root cover is absent or replaced by a root cap, or pocket.

Xerophytes are plants of dry habitats that can tolerate prolonged drought. All of them have their own adaptations for adaptation in extreme conditions (prolonged heat and drought). Xerophytes make up a typical flora of deserts and semi-deserts, are common in the steppes on the coast and in sand dunes, where water is difficult to absorb by plants due to its low temperature (peat bogs) or due to the content of a large amount of salts. Xerophytes have a number of adaptive features that allow them to exist in conditions of constant or seasonal moisture deficiency: delayed transpiration, heat resistance, etc.

Xylem - from the Greek. Xylon - (felled) tree, - plumbing tissue of vascular plants. Together with the phloem, it forms a conductive system that unites all the organs of the plant. By time and place of formation, it is divided into primary (procambium derivative ) and secondary (cambium derivative). Secondary xylem (wood) includes tracheal elements (vessels, tracheids - dead hollow cells carrying out long-range, or axial, transport of solutions), parenchymal elements (near vascular cells, radial and heavy parenchymal cells carrying out short-range, or radial, salt transport, regulation of long-range salt transport, storage and short-range transport of plastic substances), as well as fibrous tracheids and fibers libriform - cells that perform supporting, sometimes storing functions. Secondary xylem accumulates throughout the life of the plant and consists of annual growth rings. The ratio between functioning (sapwood) and non-functioning (kernel) wood varies between plants and depends on climatic conditions.

Lateral - from lat. lateralis - side, side, - located away from the median plane, lateral.

Liana - from fr. liane and lier - to bind - a climbing or climbing herbaceous or lignified plant with an elongated stem, unable to rise up without additional support.

Leaf - from lat. Folium, Greek phjllon, is one of the main organs of higher plants, occupying a lateral position on the stem and performing the functions of photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange. As a rule, a sheet is a flat organ, the shape of which contributes to the creation of a maximum photosynthetic surface. The adult leaf consists of a plate and a base (sometimes in the form of a tubular vagina, often with paired outgrowths - stipules). Between the plate and the base there is often a narrowed stem-like part - petiole (if it is not there, the leaf is sessile). There are simple leaves (with one plate) and complex (with several plates - leaves located pinnately or palmately on a common axis - rachis).

Lithophytes - plants growing on stones, rocks or in their cracks.

Bulb - a modified underground shoot, with a thickened short flat stem (bottom) and overgrown fleshy or filmy leaf bases (scales) that store water and nutrients, and serve as an organ of vegetative reproduction - monopodial (renewal comes from the apical kidney, and flower-bearing shoots are formed from the axillary kidneys, for example, in a daffodil), and sympodial (flower-bearing shoot develops from the apical kidney, and renewal occurs from the axillary, for example, in a tulip).

Flowering - growth of the corolla or corolla perianth with an increase in the number of petals. The nature of the formation of petals in flowers is known - they are the result of a mutation of stamens during the evolution of flowering plants - see corolla. Rustiness appeared in the process of morphological changes in individual parts of the flower.

Mesophytes are plants that live in conditions with a more or less sufficient, but not excessive amount of water in the soil; an intermediate group between xerophytes and hygrophytes. Mesophytes predominate in temperate zones; there are many of them in the forests of the tropics and subtropics.

An interspecific hybrid is a hybrid obtained by crossing two species belonging to the same genus.

Meristem - from the Greek. Meristos - divisible, - educational tissue of plants, which for a long time retains the ability to divide and the emergence of new cells; characterized by high metabolic activity. Some cells of the meristem are initial, linger in the embryonic phase of development and, when dividing, provide a continuous increase in the mass of the plant; other meristem cells gradually differentiate, forming various permanent tissues (integumentary, conductive, mechanical, basic, etc.). In higher plants, the meristem arises from the embryo meristem, which produces apical (apical) and lateral (lateral) meristems. Apical meristems - cones of growth of shoot and root - are laid very early in the embryo. The formation of cotyledons and the laying of leaf buds on the cone of shoot growth causes the differentiation of lateral meristems into procambium and cambium. During plant growth, meristems are partially preserved in its roots, shoot nodes, buds, stem internodes, etc. The growth in the width of the plates of leaf buds is due to the marginal (marginal) meristem. Due to the fact that the division property is potentially preserved in almost all living mature tissues (excluding sieve tubes), new, so-called secondary meristems may arise in plants, for example, a fellogen that forms cork tissue, a wound meristem that produces callus, etc.

Micropile - from micro... and Greek pyle - entrance, hole , - in plants micropyle - a narrow channel in the integument of the ovule (ovule), through which the pollen tube penetrates. The cells lining the micropile form substances that promote pollen tube growth.

Mulching - from the English mulch - loose protective layer. This is the coating of the soil with various materials and compositions - the so-called mulch. The mulch is: humus, straw, sawdust, etc. The purpose of mulching is to reduce evaporation of moisture by the ground, protect the soil from sudden temperature fluctuations during the day, prevent the formation of soil crust, see Mulching

Nastia - from the Greek. Nastos - compacted - movements (bends) of plant organs with a dorsiventral structure, in response to changes in environmental factors (light, temperature, etc.) acting directionally. Growing organs are characterized by nastia that occur as a result of uneven growth by stretching. With faster growth, the top and side of the leaf or petal bends downward (epinastia), with the reverse ratio of growth rates - upward (hyponastia). In most cases, nastic bends are caused by a change in turgor and occur due to an increase and decrease in the concentration of osmotically active substances (K, Cl) in specialized cells, as a result of which water absorption and turgor pressure increase or decrease. The mechanism of nastia of organs that have ceased growth is associated with a change in turgor pressure in the cells of the joints (leaf, petal). So, for example, movements of leaves orienting vertically at night, closing and opening of flowers with a change of day and night are carried out.

Perianth - perianthium - is a collection of integumentary leaves of a flower surrounding stamens and carpels. If the perianth consists of leaflets of the same color and shape (tulip), then it is called simple. If the perianth is divided into a calyx and a corolla (gloxinia) - double.

Oculation (or eye grafting) - consists in grafting with an eye (eye - oculus) and is carried out at the time when the bark is separated. The eye-shield is cut off around the formed kidney until the kidneys open. Otherwise, the vaccination will fail. Bark is cut out on rootstock according to size of oculus shield. The cut eye is applied to the stock and carefully wound, leaving only the kidney . In this case, the parts of the graft (shield) in contact with the rootstock should have living active cambium cells.

Fertilization - in the anther of a flower, the nucleus of pollen cells is divided into two nuclei: one vegetative, the other generative. As a result, two cells are formed - vegetative and generative, enclosed in a common shell. Pollen caught on the stigma of the pestle forms a pollen tube, into which its contents consisting of these two cells pass.

Sampling is a change in the primary shell of a plant cell as a result of deposition of suberin layers on it and their separation from the cell content by a cellulose tertiary shell. Sampling is characteristic of the cells of the integumentary tissues - exoderm and cork, which protect the internal tissues of the root and stem from moisture loss and temperature fluctuations. Sampling also helps to heal wounds and overgrowth of scars after leaf fall. 

Stepchilding is the removal of excess lateral shoots (stepchildren) that take away nutrients from the flowering parts of the plant. Non-flowering or poorly flowering lateral branches are removed. Passaging contributes to more abundant flowering and the production of larger flowers on the main shoots.

Parenchyma - from the Greek. Parenchyma, letters. - poured nearby - in plants it is the main tissue, inside which highly specialized (conductive, mechanical) tissues differentiate. It consists of living, isodiametric (equal in all directions) cells performing a variety of functions. Parenchymal tissues can return to a meristematic state (i.e., regain the ability to divide), for example, during wound healing, tissue and organ regeneration, formation of subordinate roots and shoots . The main functions of the parenchyma are the synthesis and storage of organic substances.

Peloric flower - from the Greek. Pelorios - monstrous - a flower with a regular (actinomorphic) corolla, unlike other flowers of the same plant that have irregular (zygomorphic) corollas. A peloric flower develops at the top of the inflorescence. It is possible that the formation of a peloric flower depends on the uniform action of gravity on the corolla due to its apical, and not lateral, as in other flowers, position.
It is generally accepted that the actinomorphic flower is the initial state of the trait, the zygomorphic is the derivative. This phenomenon in orchids is developmental disorders, both inherited (mutations) and non-inherited, which lead to the development of actinomorphic flowers in plants in which they are normally zygomorphic.

Transplantation - replacement of old land in a pot with a plant, as a rule, with the selection of a larger container (pot, container, plate).

Plant transshipment is a technique close to transplantation, with the difference that a lump of land should remain intact, and the plant is transplanted into a larger pot. This technique is suitable for young herbaceous, fast-growing plants that exceed the spring-summer period several times. Transshipment, unlike complete transplantation, does not cause a slowdown in plant growth. In young plants, it is not necessary to allow the formation of a felt-like layer of roots, but to carry out transshipment when the roots have not yet filled the entire pot. Transshipment is also applied to plants that do not tolerate transplantation well due to possible root damage.

Pericycle - from peri... and Greek kyklos - a circle, pericambium, a layer of cells of the primary meristem in the roots and sometimes stems, surrounding a conductive cylinder and located under the epidermis. Pericycle consists of one (sometimes several) layers of parenchymal cells. From the pericycle in the roots of the primary structure, all lateral roots are formed. In the roots of the secondary structure, with the help of pericycle cells, cambium closes into a common ring and forms wide rays of the root, in which spare substances are deposited, and the growth of subordinate roots and kidneys occurs.

Pestle - (typical structure) consists of ovary (lower expanded part), column (middle part) and stigma (upper part). During sexual reproduction, pollen that has fallen on the stigma of the pestle forms a pollen tube, which grows through the column into the ovary to the ovule. With a pollen tube, two male germ cells (sperm) penetrate the embryonic sac, fertilizing the egg and secondary nucleus.

Picking - seedling seating. Without a dive, dense shoots stretch out and can die. A dive is also needed to strengthen the root system. To induce the formation of more fibrous lateral roots, the end of the taproot in the seedling is pinched 1/3 of its length. You can not pinch only thick juicy, fleshy roots, like agapanthus, palm trees, clivia, cyclamen, etc.

Pinching - pinching, consists in removing the apical kidney, or the end of the lined shoot by pinching (nails) or pruning (scissors or knife). In this case, the nearest lateral kidneys begin to develop intensively. Pinching is carried out after transplantation in the stage of plant growth. Pinching delays the start of flowering, so when the plant takes the desired shape, pinching is stopped.

Carpel - from carpellum, - the reproductive part of the flower, producing ovules (ovules). The carpel - one or more - makes up the female part of the flower - gynoecium (a set of pistils on the flower). It is believed that the carpel is of leaf origin, but is homologous not to the vegetative leaf, but to megasporophyll. The most primitive carpels consist of a short leg (gynopodia) and a thin plate folded along the middle vein, inside which ovules sit between the veins. The edges of the plate are not completely closed and covered with glandular hairs (stigma), which protect the entrance to the carpel cavity from insects, as well as perceive pollen and contribute to its germination with their secretions. During evolution, a typical stigma is formed, localized upward, parts of the carpel and a column (stylolium), lifting the stigma above the ovary. A closed carpel or several carpels fused together are called a pestle.

Sexual hybridization - or crossbreeding. When carrying out sexual hybridization, an important role is played by the stage analysis of the original forms, which makes it possible to breed new varieties and species not by chance, but systematically, anticipating the result in advance. The requirement for parental couples is primarily in health, good development, absence of diseases and pests.

Planting - placing a plant in a substrate for the further development of an already formed plant or its parts used for vegetative reproduction, cuttings, bulbs, etc.

Soil mixture is artificial soil of various compositions for breeding plants in containers. The soil mixture for indoor plants is composed in accordance with the requirements of a particular plant for the lightness of the soil, its acidity, friability, nutritional value. For most plants, standard soil mixtures are assumed containing humus, greenhouse, coniferous, leafy land, peat and baking powder in various proportions - perlite, vermiculite, expanded clay, see "On soil and plant transplantation"

Vaccination is a vegetative method of plant reproduction by combining parts of several plants, used in citrus farming. A plant that uses a stem and root system is called a rootstock, and the stem with the leaves of the second plant vaccinated against it is called a rootstock. Priva is an shoot of a cultivated plant and is grafted to the stem and root system of rootstock, usually non-cultivated, but more resistant to external conditions and diseases of the plant. The root system of the rootstock is usually more powerful, strong, frost-resistant (in garden). For the vaccination to succeed, a close contact of the tissues of vascular cambium rootstock and graft is necessary, for this it is important that the tissues of both plants are in good condition.

Grafting - applied to woody and herbaceous plants - cut across the rootstock split along or crosswise. Two or four infusions pointed at the end are inserted into the split, then tied and smeared with a garden brew.

Kidney inoculation - a sleeping kidney is inoculated with a graft to the stem of a rootstock. In this case, the graft kidney is cut together with the underlying tissues, and then inserted into a T-shaped incision on the stem of the rootstock. The kidney is fixed, and when it takes root, the stem of the rootstock is cut above the grafted kidney, which causes an increase in escape from the graft kidney.

Conductive fabrics - textus conduc-torii, - plant fabrics that serve to move nutrients through the plant. Water and minerals dissolved in it from the soil move along the xylem from the roots to the leaves, along the phloem from the leaves to other organs (roots, buds, flowers, fruits) - substances synthesized in the leaves, mainly the products of photosynthesis. Conductive tissues form a continuous branched system in the plant body that connects all its organs. Conductive fabrics include conductive, mechanical, storage, excretory elements. Water-conducting elements of xylem (tracheids, vessels) quickly differentiate, become woody, lose protoplast and function for a long time in a dead state. Phloem sieve elements form more slowly and function as conductive tissues only when alive, within one year. Xylem and phloem are usually located side by side, forming strands, or conductive bundles.

Procambium - from lat. pro - before, before, instead of cambium, - part of the apical meristem. It is laid in the apex of the shoot, in the area of ​ ​ the formation of leaf buds and near the distal zone of the apex of the root. Procambium cells are highly elongated, thin-walled, arranged in the form of strands connecting leaf primordia with the embryonic stem and forming a single procambial system. The number of strands between stem and leaf is constant for the species (an important taxonomic feature). At the root, the embankment looks like a column and occupies a central position. Subsequently, prekambium cells differentiate into primary conductive tissue or into primary conductive tissue and cambium.

Plant tissue is a complex of cells that have the same structure and origin and perform the same function. Plant tissues are meristematic, educational and permanent. Permanent fabrics are covering, basic, mechanical, conductive and excretory. A tissue of cells of equal size in all directions or slightly elongated is called the main tissue or parenchyma. The main tissues include, in turn, assimilative, storage, air-bearing, etc.

• Integumentary tissues are the skin, or epidermis, cork and crust. Nutrients are deposited in the main storage tissue. In assimilation tissue, the process of photosynthesis occurs. Mechanical tissues (collenchyma, sclerenchyma, etc.) give the plant organs strength.
• Passing tissues include tracheas and tracheids, which carry upward current (water and nutrients) and sieve tubes, which carry downward current (plastics). The upward current from the roots to the leaves goes through the vessels at a speed of about 2-4 meters per hour. Descending current through sieve tubes at a speed of about 0.7-1.7 m per hour.

The rhizosphere - from the Greek rhiza- root and sphaira - ball - is a layer of soil (2-3 mm) directly adjacent to the root of the plant and characterized by an increased content of microorganisms. The composition of the rhizosphere microflora depends mainly on the type of soil, species and age of plants. The action of microorganisms of the rhizosphere is diverse: they convert some difficult-to-digest soil compounds into easily digestible ones, synthesize biologically active substances, enter into symbiosis with plants, release toxins, participate in denitrification (the process of reduction of gaseous nitrogenous compounds from nitrates and nitrites), etc.

Samosev - young plants formed from spontaneous shedding and germination of seeds from trees and shrubs, as well as herbaceous flower plants.

Photophilous plants are heliophytes, plants of open places that cannot tolerate prolonged shading. They have relatively thick leaves with small cell columnar and spongy parenchyma and a large number of stomata. Leaf cells contain significantly more (50 to 300) chloroplasts than shade-tolerant plants. Photophilous plants are characterized by a high intensity of photosynthesis. These are mainly plants of steppes, mountains and semi-deserts.

Cotyledons - cotyledonis - are the first leaves of plants that develop in the seed on a embryo that has not yet been differentiated. In shape, anatomy, structure and functions often differ sharply from real leaves formed on the cone of shoot growth. Conifers usually have several cotyledons (from 2 to 15), dicotyledons - 2, monocotyledons - 1. In some dicotyledons, the embryo carries 1 cotyledon (cyclamen, etc.); conversely, among some monocotyledonous embryos with 2 cotyledons (commelin, dioscorea), but this phenomenon is secondary. With above-ground germination, cotyledons turn green and are capable of photosynthesis, and with underground germination, they serve as a repository of cytate substances (for example, in hazel, oak), in seeds with endosperm they supply cytate substances to the above-ground part of the seedling. Sometimes in dicotyledons, for example, in peperomia peperomia, one cotyledon remains in the seed, and the other leaves the seed and turns green. Probably, in the process of evolution, a single-seed embryo evolved from a dicotyledonous embryo as a result of the reduction of the second cotyledon. After germination, cotyledons remain alive on the plant sometimes for several months (ivy).

Scarification of seeds - scarifico - scratching, cutting - mechanical violation of the seed shell. It is used to obtain better germination and germination of seeds with a very hard seed shell (legumes, pelargonium, etc.). Seeds are passed through scarifying machines or treated with strong sulfuric acid and other methods. One method of scarification available at home is to rub the seeds between two wooden planks on which strips of fine sandpaper are glued. Also, the seed shell can be cut or punctured with a sharp needle, scalpel, or file, but what is very important is from the side opposite the root of the embryo! Otherwise, the seed will die.

Dormant kidneys are lateral kidneys that remain in a inhibited state for a long time and do not give shoots.

Inflorescence - inflorescentia, - an shoot (or shoot system) of a plant carrying flowers. Inflorescences are characteristic of most flowering plants. They are divided depending on the degree of branching. The number of flowers depends on the type of plant and can be calculated as several units or several tens of thousands (in some species of agave, palm trees).

Shooting - premature formation of a peduncle, flowering and ripening of seeds.

Stratification of seeds - stratum - flooring, layer and facio - I do - one of the methods of pre-sowing preparation of seeds to accelerate germination. The purpose of the method is to withstand seeds in conditions close to natural, in which some types of trees, shrubs and other plants (fruit, some medicinal, coniferous) inevitably appear. Once planted, immediately after harvesting for germination, these seeds will not germinate, because they require a certain period of rest in humid and cool conditions, so they are stratified. It consists in the fact that the seeds are interbedded with sand, sawdust, finely cut peat, moss, or placed in several layers of gauze napkin. Then they are moistened and kept at 3-5 degrees and free access of air (the stratification temperature depends on the type of plant, so for some conifers it should be about zero). At this time, the seeds ripen and come out of rest. The duration of stratification for different crops is not the same, for example, apple and pear seeds can withstand 120... 130 days, cedar 50 - 60 days. Important! Seeds should not dry out during stratification!

Succulents - from Latin succulentus - juicy. This is a group of drought-resistant plants capable of accumulating moisture in their organs (stems, roots, or leaves) and storing it for a long time, thus safely surviving the dry season. All succulents are xerophytes. More "" about succulents.

A taxon is a group of objects connected by one degree or another of commonality of properties and characteristics and, therefore, giving rise to the assignment of a certain taxonomic category to them, for example, a species, genus, family.

Shade-tolerant plants - sciophytes - plants that tolerate some shading, but develop well in direct sunlight. Leaves of shade-tolerant plants with weakly differentiated columnar and spongy parenchyma ; cells with a small number of chloroplasts and a relatively low intensity of photosynthesis. Shade-tolerant plants include mainly mosses and lichens, some woody and herbaceous plants.

Transpiration - evaporation of water by plants. Transpiration provides a continuous flow of water with nutrients coming from the soil from the roots to the leaves - it is the engine of the aqueous solution from the soil to the plant. As a result of the absorption of energy, the plant overheats, and if there was no evaporation of water, then the plant could die from severe overheating.
Evaporation occurs through the stomata and to a lesser extent through the cuticle covering the epidermis of the leaf , and depends on the temperature and humidity of the air, as well as on the soil, air movement, and light intensity. Transpiration increases with increasing temperature and increasing illumination, and decreases with a lack of moisture in the soil. That is why rare plants tolerate hot air and bright lighting at the same time. Overheating, the plant loses its turgor and wilts.

Tribe - the rank of a taxon; in the hierarchy of biological systematics, the tribe is lower than the family and higher than the genus. I.e. species of different plants are combined into genera, genera can be combined into subtribes, and subtribes into tribes, tribes into subfamilies, families into families. This classification is characteristic only of very extensive families, for example, cacti and amaryllis. Many other families are not classified before tribes or subtribes.

Tropisms - from Greek. tropos - turn, direction - directed growth movements (bends) of plant organs caused by unilateral exposure to various environmental factors (light, gravity, chemicals, etc.). Tropism is based on the phenomenon of irritability. Tropism occurs in growing parts of a plant and is usually a consequence of faster cell growth on one side of a stem, root, or leaf. These strains are associated with an asymmetric distribution of plant growth hormone (auxin) in the organ. According to modern ideas, other phytohormones (for example, abscisic acid in the roots) also take part in the mechanism of tropism. With positive tropism, the movement is directed towards the irritant, with negative - from it. Organs located along the gradient of the stimulus are called orthotropic, at right angles to it - diatropic, at any other angle - plagiotropic. Thanks to tropism, the organs are oriented in space, which ensures the most effective use of nutritional factors and serves to protect against harmful influences (for example, pulling and tilting the plant towards light).

Turgor is a natural strain of plant cells. A plant can live only with a balance of water, i.e. when the amount of water entering the plant is not less than it is consumed. When more water is consumed (with intense evaporation), the cells are dehydrated. At the same time, the tension of the plant cells is weakened, this is called the loss of turgor. The leaves and tops of the shoots droop and wither. If the plant is not watered in time, the process can become irreversible. The loss of turgor can be caused not only by a lack of irrigation, but also by irrigation and spraying with highly concentrated solutions of mineral fertilizers.

If the plant was flooded, the roots were damaged during transplantation, the leaves on it also become sluggish, the turgor is lost (the roots are not able to absorb water), the petioles turn black, the leaves turn yellow, the shoots descend. As a result of the inability to absorb water and nutrients by roots, the plant dies. Bad turgor in this case is one of the signs of root damage.

Stamens - stamen - male generative organ of the flower. Collectively, the stamens on the flower form the flower's androce. The stamen consists of a stamen filament and anther . The anther consists of two halves connected by a binder. Each half of the anther contains two or one pollen nest. Pollen (microspores) develop in pollen nests. In different plants, the shape and arrangement of stamens can be different. The shape of the anthers (similar to two pads, a spiral, a bell, a pitcher, etc.) and stamens (thick, thin, arrow-shaped, fused) are also different. By the way, stamens are very variable, in the process of evolution they are easily modified. Often stamens fuse together. In the simplest simple version, the anthers or stamens are glued together by the side surfaces. But more often, fusion leads to the formation of new bizarre forms. In Asteraceae, stamens fused in anthers, in some orchid stamens fuse with a pestle, in other plants, for example, the Blue family Polemoniaceae (and other representatives of the spine-petal subclass) stamens fuse with corolla petals. It remains to add that during evolution, petals were formed from stamens as a result of mutation. It is as a result of such variability that the flowering of the flower is formed. This knowledge is widely used by breeders in breeding new varieties and hybrids.

Phytoncides - from the Greek. Phyton - plant and lat. caedo - I kill - biologically active substances formed by plants that kill or suppress the growth and development of pathogenic microorganisms. Phytoncides play an important role in plant immunity, and are of great importance for humans (in the fight against pathogens of various diseases). It has long been known that a huge number of phytoncides are found in garlic and onions, as well as in almost all conifers.

Phloem - from the Greek. Phloios - bark, is a plant tissue that transports the products of photosynthesis from leaves to places of consumption and deposits in the reserve (underground organs, growth points, ripening fruits and seeds, etc.). The primary phloem, which is divided into proto-phloem and metaphloem, is differentiated from procambium, the secondary (forehead) is a derivative of cambium. In the stems, the phloem is outside (in some plants and on the inside) of the xylem. In the leaves of the phloem, it faces the underside of the plate, in the roots with a radial conductive bundle, phloem strands alternate with xylem strands. Phloem is also involved in the deposition of spare substances, the isolation of final metabolic products, and the creation of a plant support system .

Formation - from the point of view of agricultural technology - the technique is to create a plant skeleton to give the plant a certain shape and place it in space for good aeration, the fullest use of solar energy and a high yield of good quality. Formation from the point of view of floriculture is ways to give a plant a stable, beautiful shape, as well as the formation of a certain image (for example, bonsai style). For this, shoot pruning, pinching, fastening near the support, braiding with wire, etc. are used.

Photosynthesis is the construction of organic substances from gas, water and minerals. The intensity or speed of the photosynthesis process in a plant depends on a number of internal and external factors. Internal factors primarily include the structure of the sheet and the content of chlorophyll in it, the rate of accumulation of photosynthetic products in chloroplasts, the influence of enzymes, as well as the presence of small concentrations of necessary inorganic substances. External factors are the amount and quality of light entering the leaves, the temperature of the environment, the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere near the plant.

Fungicide - from the Latin "fungus" - fungus - drugs for the destruction of pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases that affect many indoor and garden plants. The most common fungicides in indoor floriculture are fundazol, topaz, oxychom, hom, maxim, etc. See fungicides

Flower - flos (lat.) - A shortened modified shoot adapted for sexual reproduction. The bisexual flower of the seed plant consists of stamens and pistils, petals and sepals. The combination of stamens is called androcea, pistils - gynoecium, petals - corolla, sepals - calyx.
Sepals and petals form perianth. Its outer part is most often green, the inner - corolla - colored. There are simple perianths - with homogeneous leaves, corolla-shaped and cup-shaped.
The flowers can be of regular shape - actinomorphic, and irregular - zygomorphic. The correct shape allows you to draw several planes of symmetry through the flower, only one plane of symmetry can be drawn through the wrong one (in some plants (canna), not a single plane of symmetry can be drawn). Flowers are bisexual when they have both stamens and pistils and unisexual if they have only stamens (male flowers) or pistils (female flowers).

Cyclic flower -  from the Greek. kyklos - a circle, - a flower in which all parts (stamens, petals, etc.) are arranged in circles. It probably arose during evolution from an acyclic flower with a spiral arrangement of parts. It is characteristic of most flowering plants. Among cyclic flowers, polycyclic flowers (more than 6 circles) are usually considered more primitive, although often a large number of circles in the androcea occur secondarily due to the splitting of stamens. The tetracyclic flowers are most highly organized, characteristic of many splendid flowers.

The Calvin cycle or the C3 pathway of photosynthesis is a series of biochemical reactions carried out by plants during photosynthesis. This is a cyclic process in which SO2 is introduced with the participation of ATP and NADP • N. The cycle consists of three stages, various sugar phosphates are formed as intermediates, the final products are glucose, sucrose starch, etc.

Calyx - the outer part of the double perianth. Most often, the calyx is green, like the leaves, it is leafy in nature of origin, but it can also be colored (reddish, bard). Calyx-forming sepals can be fused (kalanchoe) or separate (roses). In a fused calyx, a tube and teeth are distinguished. The function of the calyx is to protect the flower, or rather the bud, it is at the time of the formation of the bud that the already developed sepals protect the future flower from damage. The number of sepals is very different in different flowers. And maybe on average there are 4-5 of them, but there can be only 2 or many. After flowering of the plant and tying of the seeds, the sepals and calyx can die, or change into devices that facilitate the spread of seeds - tenacious hooks, pappus, etc.

Epiphyllas are plants that settle on the leaves (but not on branches and trunks, like epiphytes) of other plants (in most cases evergreens). Distributed mainly in the humid tropics and subtropics (in the temperate zone - on coniferous leaves). Among the epiphyllums there are algae and mosses, much less often flowering plants.

Epiphytes are plants that settle on other plants, mainly on the trunks and branches (unlike epiphyllas that live on leaves) of trees, and receive nutrients from the environment (but not from the host plant, like parasites). Found in all classes of plants. Epiphytes have developed devices for trapping water and mineral salts from the air - spongy covers on the roots, the so-called root nests (plexuses of the roots, in which dust accumulates, fallen leaves, that is, "soil" is formed to feed the roots), funnel leaves, in which water accumulates, absorbed by hairs on the inner surface of the leaves, thickened cuticle, strong pubescence of the leaves, etc.

Ephemera are a group of annual herbaceous plants that complete a full cycle of vegetative development in a very short period. These are mainly desert and semi-desert plants or steppes. They develop intensively, bloom and produce fruits during the wet period (spring or autumn), and completely die off during the summer drought.

When compiling the dictionary, botanical dictionaries (M.S. Gilyarov, V.K. Month, etc.) and author's notes were used - copying the material is prohibited!