Roses Rosa from the Rosaceae family includes several hundred (from 300 to 500) wild species, the data are contradictory, since some names are not approved by official bodies (the largest botanical gardens in the world), others are referred to synonyms. There are about 20-25,000 varieties, possibly more.
Classification of roses
There are many classifications of roses, and in view of the huge number of species, variations of species, hybrids and varieties, confusion appears. The same roses often belong to different groups. In addition, the taxonomy of roses underwent a number of changes in 2011-2012, for example, Rosa floribunda Baker is the correct name for Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H.Wilson; and the polyanthus rose species Rosa polyanthos R "ssig is currently the hybrid damask rose Rosa x damascena Mill. All rose classification issues are handled by two organizations: the American Rose Society (ARS) and the World Federation of Rose Societies (WFRS).
One way or another, but many roses can be grown at home. Someone cuts a cutting from a bush in the garden, someone buys Dutch miniatures in pots, someone roots cut roses from bouquets. It must be understood that what we call indoor roses are the same garden ones transplanted into a pot.
Let's try to figure it out and give the most popular classification of roses:
- Wild Roses wild species
- Old Garden Roses
- Modern Garden Roses
Wild species
These are only those roses that are found exclusively in nature, among them there are many cultivated species, variations and varieties. But this includes only species not artificially bred in botanical gardens. They are native to Asia, Europe and North America: Rosa acicularis, Rosa arkansana, Rosa canina, Rosa virginiana, Rosa woodsia.
In most cases, wild species have a short flowering period, flowers are simple or semi-double. Although the flowering of bushes is very abundant and roses are wonderful honey plants.
Old garden roses
This group includes roses that were introduced before 1867 - they are sometimes called antique roses. The breeding of roses took place only in large botanical gardens and took place at a rather slow pace - their history goes back several centuries. Many are first described in the second half of the 18th century. For example, Rosa Alba L. and its first hybrids Hybrid Alba were described in 1753. Most old garden roses are distinguished by the splendor of bushes, a strong aroma of flowers, for some the aroma is so viscous and heavy that it leads to headaches, despite all the beauty of the flowers. Old roses, as a rule, were distinguished by stormy and long spring flowering, then the bushes had a decorative green appearance, carefully supported by skillful gardeners. Some species continued to bloom in late summer, but less abundantly.
More than 15 groups are classified as old garden roses, these are:
- Alba Rosa alba group and Hybrid Alba hybrids - have dense blue-green foliage, medium-sized white roses, terry, the aroma is not as strong as that of Damascus roses. The stems are erect, often apical shoots, if not trimmed, grow upward, clinging to the supports. There are varieties quite resistant to diseases.
- Ayrshire Roses Ayrshire Rosa - bushes of energetic growth, rather thorny - without pruning the lash of shoots grow up to 4.5 m in length. The leaves are green and glossy. The flowers are semi-double in color - a mixture of white to purple-pink, no more than 5 cm in diameter. These roses have an unusual myrrh aroma. They bloom in summer. Disease resistance is average.
- Bourbon roses Bourbon Rosa - many varieties, different vigor of growth, there are one and a half meter, for example, Bourbon Queen 'Queen of Bourbons', but most reach 3-3.5 m. The flowers are cup-shaped in almost all varieties of pink of various shades, half-double and double, large - 8-10 cm in diameter. All are very fragrant, most are medium resistant to disease. Bourbon roses have a double bloom - the second after a short break. There are very thorny (thorny) varieties, or completely without thorns - 'Kathleen Harrop'. Despite the aroma and abundance of flowering, this group is not very attractive to bees and other pollinating insects.
- Burso's Boursalt group is undeservedly deprived of attention, these roses are somewhat different from others: they have long, flexible and smooth shoots, sometimes completely without spikes, reach 3.5 m in length, are good for decorating arbors and arches. The flowers are semi-double and double crimson-purple, large. Disease resistance is average. The advantage of this group is undemanding to soils, roses grow and bloom even on poor soils, and also put up with some shading.
- Centifolia roses - Dutch hybridization, are super terry - have more than 100 petals. Bushes about 180 cm high, leaves gray-green. The flowers are large, bright pink on long stems, very fragrant, but unattractive to bees. Disease resistance is average.
- Damascus roses hybrids Rosa x damascena Herrm. - these roses are simply famous for their intense heavy aroma. The sizes of bushes in different varieties vary in size from 80 cm to 1.5 m, spiked. Some varieties bloom repeatedly, most - once. Flowers about 6-7 cm in diameter, white pink, intense pink. Disease resistance is average.
- The Bracteata group - hybrids based on the species Rosa bracteata J.C.Wendl. - a small group is not widespread. Shrubs with long spiked shoots, up to 3 m long, tenaciously climbing the support, but usually form a very dense bush. Flowers in small groups are 2.5-4 cm, white with five petals and numerous yellow anthers in the center. Like ordinary rose hips, it forms rounded fleshy fruits that ripen to red. Relatively recently (after 2000), the selection of roses based on Bracteata has intensified, several wonderful varieties have been bred in the USA, for example, the soft pink "Tangerine Pearl," small flowers about 2.5 cm, but with a strong aroma and medium terry - 4 to 11 petals, and this rose is prone to re-flowering in late summer.
- Chinese hybrid Hybrid China - in culture, mainly hybrids of the species Rosa chinensis. There are three varieties: actually Chinese rose, Indian and Bengal roses. Common features characteristic of this group: small flowers of a wide variety of colors (except yellow), mainly semi-double and double, the aroma is very weak or without aroma at all, as a rule, single or in groups of 2-3 flowers. The leaves are small, the bushes are dense, not wicker. The bloom is abundant, twice in a season, the second after a brief hiatus in late summer.
- Eglanteria, or Rosa eglanteria hybrids Rosa Eglanteria - the ancestor of the group was the species Rosa rubiginosa rosehip red-brown, which was crossed with various hybrids, for example, bourbon roses, so the name was originally Rosa rubiginosa. The group is small and not widely used. Distinctive features: flexible shrub up to 3 m tall, and the leaves have a spicy apple aroma. Flowers are single or in groups, no more than 6 cm in diameter, with a weak aroma, of various shades of red. It blooms once. Varieties prone to fungal infections.
- Thetis's Hybrid Foetida group are the first yellow roses in European breeding . Hybrids are distinguished by low growth, high winter hardiness. The shrub branches strongly, requires support. Phetids bloom once, but abundantly, the bushes are simply strewn with yellow, almost canary flowers, simple or double. This group of roses is good for places with a dry climate, in humid places it is very strongly affected by black spotting and other infections. Roses of this group are used as stock for less frost-resistant hybrids.
- Gallic roses Hybrid Gall - from the species Rosa gallica, it seems, these are the oldest cultivated roses from the gardens of the Western countries, they are described for the first time back in 1200 BC. e. in Persia. These are low shrubs, from 80 to 120 cm, medium flowers 5-7 cm in diameter, fragrant, often pink, lilac, purple, simple or semi-double, usually not single, but in groups of 3-5. The original appearance looks like a regular rosehip, only non-barbed, but there are very beautiful varieties with marble petals: yellow or lilac strokes in pink.
- Hybrid Perpetual Remontant Roses - who hasn't heard that name! Because at one time they were extremely popular. Hybrids were obtained on the basis of crossing several groups - Portland roses, hybrid Chinese and Gallic roses, and Bourbon roses were noted in genetics. Bushes up to 2 m, flowers fragrant, pink, red, white, less often yellow, increased terry with a strong aroma. As a rule, relatively winter-hardy, differ in double flowering. Many varieties have been obtained from remontant roses.
- Hybrid Sempervirens roses are climbing roses that require support, are winter-hardy, but not resistant to disease. The flowers are simple white, with narrow petals and very fluffy long stamens.
- Setiger's group Hybrid Setigera are varieties of climbing roses usually with simple anemoniform flowers, but there are thick and very beautiful roses. Almost all require support, shoots up to 2.5 m long. Roses are frost-resistant, single flowering.
- Moss roses Rosa Moss is an interesting group of roses in its origin and morphology. The phenomenon of spontaneous mutation ("sport") of the rose of sentifolia led to the formation of thin, pliable bristles on the buds and stems - glandular outgrowths resembling moss. Very often they have a herbal or coniferous smell. The flowers are fragrant, some varieties have an unusual shape of hairs and sepals . This group is very diverse in size and shape, there are real dwarfs about 30 cm tall, there are wattle with stems about 3 m.
- Noisette roses Rosa Noisette - on average 1.5-1.8 m bushes, require a garter, spreading. Very abundant flowering with double white or pink flowers, repeated flowering is slightly less abundant. Not hardy (freeze). Susceptible to disease (in a damp climate).
- Portland roses Rosa Portland - fragrant flowers, compact bush, this group was very popular in the early 19th century due to the re-flowering, which smoothly flowed from the first, that is, in good conditions the roses bloomed almost the entire season. Disease resistance is average.
- Tea roses Rosa Tea - the ancestor of Rosa x odorata - an aromatic form of Chinese rose, with small leaves and stems, not particularly hardy. The first tea roses were obtained from the crossing of a Chinese rose and a giant rose. Their smell resembled the aroma of tea. The group is very extensive - it is represented by small shrubs and wicker forms. All are very thermophilic, but bloom abundantly, often repeatedly. Due to the tendency to diseases, chic tea roses remained in the past, although it was with them that the hybridization of modern roses began.
In 1867, on the basis of tea rose, the first Tea hybrid rose variety 'La France' was bred - and from that moment there was a turning point in the selection and hybridization of roses, communities of florists developed vigorous activities for the cultivation of new hybrids and varieties. And until now, the persistence of breeders knows no bounds, because roses are one of the most popular flowers both in cutting, in bouquets, in gardens and parks, and in home floriculture. First of all, breeders are fighting in the direction of disease resistance, frost resistance, flowering abundance and, most importantly, in improving re-flowering.
Modern garden roses
- Tea Hybrid Rosa Hybrid Tea
- Polyantha Rosa Polyanth Roses
- Floribunda Rosa Floribunda
- Large-flowered roses or Grandiflora Rosa Grandiflora
- Rosa Miniature Roses
- Rosa Miniflora or Rosa Patio
- Shrubby Roses or Classic Modern or Roses Shrub Rosa Shrub (Roses Modern Shrub Modern Shrub Roses)
- Climbing roses:
- Rambler Rosa Rambler
- Largeflowered Climber
- Hybrid Kordesii Cordes hybrids
You can describe each group in detail on the pages of a separate book - the variety is great. There are tens of thousands of varieties, and they differ not only in the color of leaves and flowers, but in thorns, shoot length, abundance of re-flowering (if any), susceptibility to diseases and rot, frost resistance, resistance to winds (in some varieties, petals and leaves fly around in windy weather) and aromaticity, honey content, etc. And this variety is present within each group of roses. In addition, some groups do not have official status, and varieties can be assigned to two groups at once, for example, Floribunda and tea-hybrid.
Below is just a look at some of the most common rose hybrids.
Bengal Roses Rosa bengalensis
In fact, Bengal roses - the name is outdated - were previously distinguished as a separate species, but according to modern taxonomy, this is a variation of the Chinese roses Rosa chinensis var. semperflorens, which is noteworthy - Bengal roses are not found in the wild, but they were bred in Great Britain in 1789. Bushes average 60-150 cm in height. They have thin, well-branching stems with short spikes, the leaves are green, with a slight purple tint. The flowers are usually solitary less often with two or three flowers in the axils. Flowers can be double (9-16 petals) or semi-double (5-7 petals), petals from light pink, dark pink to dark red or dark red-purple. It is very popular not only in China, but also in the countries of Central Asia, Japan, Europe and, of course, in Russia. Frost resistance zone 7-10.
Bengal rose is unpretentious, bushes well and blooms abundantly, flowers have no smell. Flowers are medium in size, semi-double, red to dark red in color. Bengal rose does not lose leaves for the winter and can winter in rooms, flowering can continue until the New Year (but artificial lighting may be needed). Resistant to powdery mildew. It does not tolerate short and medium pruning, it can die if it is strongly pruned, so only weak or sick shoots are cut from it.
Hybrid Tea and Climbing Hybrid Tea
The most popular modern roses, in the catalogs of western flower market producers, are sometimes referred to as Large-flowered roses. In Russia, these roses can usually be seen as a cut in flower shops. As for frost resistance, everything is ambiguous, for example, Canadian breeding varieties are quite winter-hardy, European and New Zealand varieties freeze out. They grow best in greenhouses, keep excellent in bouquets, look spectacular. You can grow in pots and containers if you root the cuttings from a rose from a bouquet.
The group of tea-hybrid roses is very extensive, even the height of the bushes from medium-sized 60-70 cm to high 80-100 cm, not to mention the variety of shapes and colors of the flowers - there are very large ones, reaching 12-14 cm in diameter. Large-flowered roses are solitary, goblet-shaped or cup-shaped, more stunted and small flowers sometimes in small inflorescences on erect stems. Not all hybrid tea roses are fragrant, some are beautiful, but they don't smell at all.
Varieties of hybrid tea roses suitable for growing in pots and containers (height of varieties about 60-90 cm):
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Polyanthas Rose Polyanthas Roses
This group of roses was created from crossing the dwarf form of a multi-flowered rose, the original species of Rosa multiflora with some varieties of tea and tea-hybrid roses. Although some believe that polyanthus roses are the brainchild of Rosa multiflora and Rosa chinensis. One way or another, the history of polyanthus roses begins in France in 1873-80. And the prospects and variety of results made it possible to separate them into a separate group. Almost all polyant roses are compact, so they are widely popular, first of all, in landscaping balconies and in European countries. They are successfully grown in containers and pots, displayed on the porch of the house or at the fence of an outdoor cafe. Shrubs average 35-40 cm at home and 80-90 in the garden, with good branching of shoots. The leaves are small and have ciliated stipules. The flowers are also small, only 3-4 cm in diameter, in small panicles, but the flowering is very, very abundant (with the right agricultural technology). Most varieties of terry in all kinds of shades of red, less often white, yellow does not happen.
The only drawback of polyant roses is the lack of a persistent aroma. And there are many advantages - flowering begins in June, and lasts until late autumn in warm regions, and September in cold ones. For the most part, the varieties are undemanding - they are not afraid of wind, sun and draft, and are very frost-resistant - in the garden, in the presence of snow cover, they can withstand up to minus 30 ° C, those planted in pots must be insulated. Resistance to fungal infections is high, although powdery mildew is a controversial issue - if there are large numbers of infected trees nearby, this trouble will not pass the rose either.
Roses Patio or Miniflora Miniflora
The term Patio proper is used to describe roses that can be grown in containers. These are usually miniature roses, dwarf varieties of floribunda or polyanthus roses. That is why the status of the Patio rose group has not yet been officially approved. But, these baby crumbs pass in the catalogs of European suppliers called Patio Patio, Multiflora Miniflora or Miniature Miniature Rose, and they are great for your windowsill - stunted varieties, no more than 60 cm tall, bloom willingly, miniature flowers abundantly and long all summer season. Most varieties are semi-double or non-full-double, in various shades, including yellow and white.
Varieties of Patio roses suitable for growing in pots:
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Floribunda roses
This is an extensive group, arose from the crossing of tea-hybrid roses and polyanthes, therefore rich in variety, but not everything is grown in containers, only the lowest varieties intended for garden borders, up to 70 cm tall (in pots 50-60 cm). The shape of the flowers is usually cup-shaped, less often goblet-shaped, in low varieties about 4 cm in diameter. The roses of the Floribunda rose group differ in abundant flowering - a typical floribunda is a spreading dense shrub, more precisely, they form dense shrubs, and during flowering all the apical shoots are strewn with flowers. In shape, the flowers are both simple and semi-double and thick-double, of all colors and shades.
Floribund rose varieties suitable for potting are:
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Rosa Miniature Roses
These roses not only have a miniature form of bushes - only about 35 cm (in the garden up to 40 cm), but also very tiny flowers - when growing at home in pots only 1.5 cm. Flowers are single or in small-flowered inflorescences, there are fragrant varieties, some do not smell at all. The color of the flowers is any, and the flowering is plentiful and long. Many varieties are resistant in open ground. These roses are very hardy, and unlike many modern roses, they are most often grown on their own roots in open ground.
Among the miniature roses, a specialized line for breeding roses for home cultivation is the Kordana Kordana Roses Miniature Kordana Roses. All varieties are bred in the company W. Kordes" söhne - greenhouses in Denmark, Belgium, Germany.
Other varieties of miniature roses suitable for potting are:
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