Natural citrus species
Lime
The botanical name Citrus aurantiifolia - in the people of Lyme, literally aurantium - orange or gold, literally can be translated as golden-leaved citrus.
Synonyms and folk names: Lime Lime, Common lime Common lime, Sour lime Sour lime or Acid lime, Mexican lime Mexican lime, West Indian lime West Indian lime, Large lime Large lime, Key lime
The genus of limes is Citrus aurantiifolia from Southeast Asia. The cultural path of lime passed through the Middle East (Iraq, Persia - first cultivated) to North Africa, then to Sicily and Andalusia, and subsequently with Spanish researchers to the West Indies. From the Caribbean, lime has spread to tropical and subtropical countries of North America, including Mexico, Florida, and later California.
Varieties:
- 'Kai'Oval Thai Lime
- 'Paan'Spherical Thai lime
- 'lumia'French lime, Pear lemon, Sweet lemon French lime, Pear lemon, Sweet lemon.
Side dish and spiciness to fish and meat, giving piquancy to soft drinks, "lemonade." Lime cake is currently mostly made from frozen Tahitian lime concentrate. According to a report from Brazil, lemons and sour lime varieties have the local name "limao," planting them about 6 percent of all citrus. "Tahitian" lime plantations are increasing rapidly, and now account for about 50 percent of all sour fruit plantations. Mexican lime is next on the list, at about 22 percent, but most of its plantations are growing poorly, as they are affected by the viral disease Tristeza *, which causes ulceration of the trunk.
Eureka lemon, which bears the local name "Siciliano," is another 20 percent. The main season of harvesting lemons and limes lasts from December to March.
Tangerine
Botanical name Citrus reticulate Citrus reticulata Blanco - Mandarin Mandarin
Synonyms and folk names: Citrus x nobilis, Common mandarin, True mandarin, Mandarin orange, Culate mandarin, Suntara orange.
- Class 1, Mandarin
- Class 2, Tangerine
- Class 3, Satsuma (sometimes referred to as Emerald Tangerine)
Homeland - Vietnam, South China, and Japan. 500 BC was known in China, 300 BC began commercial cultivation in central China.
Varieties and cultivars:
- 'Tangerine'Tangerine
- 'Tangerine cv. Clementine 'Loose rind mandarin, Mandarin orange, Clementine, Algerian tangerine - (loose rind) mandarin, Clementine, Algerian tangerine
- 'Dancy'Red tangerine, Dancy tangerine, Red tangerine
- 'poonensis', 'Ponkan' Chinese honey orange, Chinese honey orange
- 'chachiensis' Chachi mandarin, Chachi mandarin
- 'deliciosa'Mediterranean mandarin, Tangerine, Italian tangerine, Mediterranean tangerine, Tangerine, Italian tangerine
- 'erythrosa'Red-skinned orange
- 'salicifolia'Willow-left mandarin, Oriole mandarin
- 'satsuma'Satsuma orange, Emerald Tangerine, Satsuma Orange, Emerald Tangerine
- 'unshiu'Unshiu orange, Unshu mandarin, Mandarin orange, Japanese mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, Orange Unshiu, Mandarin Unshiu, mandarin, Japanese mandarin, Satsum mandarin.
Tangerines and tangerines of all varieties are mainly used as fresh food, slices are used in fruit salads, etc. Some species are sugared. Tangerine, formerly known as Citrus nobilis var. tangeriana is distinguished by the sweetest fruits with a thin skin and practically no seeds. Tangier is a port city in Morocco, so when they talk about Moroccan tangerines, they are most likely sweet tasty fruits. The difference between tangerines and ordinary tangerines is the bright orange or red color of the fruits (in other tangerines it is yellow-orange).
Citron
Botanical name Citrus medicinalis Citrus medica - popularly Citron Citron
It is believed that it comes from India, spread in ancient times to the Middle East and China. For 300 years BC it was known in Greece, for 20 years BC it was grown in Italy. In shape, the fruits of Citron are usually ovate or oblong, tapering to the end, the shape varies greatly, the peel is dense, tough, tuberous. Citron fruits have a very thick albedo layer, many seeds. The leaves are green with a lemon aroma, slightly serrated edges, oval-lanceolate or ovate elliptic, large up to 17 cm long. Petioles are usually wingless or with small lionfish. Citron grows very vigorously, has practically no dormant period, blooms several times a year.
Varieties:
- 'Corsican'Corsican citron, Corsican citron
- 'Diamante'Italian citron, Italian citron
- 'Palestine'Palestine citron
- 'bajoura'Musk citron, Musk citron tree, Musk citron
- 'dulcis' Sweet citron, Sweet lemon, Mediterranean sweet limetta, Sweet citron, Sweet lemon, Mediterranean sweet limetta
- 'dulcis Corsican'Corsican sweet citron, Corsican sweet citron
- 'reiversii'Bijou lime, Graceful lime
- 'sarcodactylis' Fingered citron, Citron Buddha Hand
After boiling to soften the taste and soften the peel, it is sugared in strong sugar syrup.
Pomelo
Botanical name Citrus maxima Citrus maxima - Pomelo Pomelo
Synonyms and folk names: Citrus grandis, Shaddock Shaddock, Thai grapefruit Thai grapefruit, East Indian pomelo West Indian pomelo
It comes from South and Southeast Asia. Fruits are large 15-25 centimeters, reach a weight of 1-2 kg, usually pale green to yellow when ripe, sweet with white (or, less commonly, pink) pulp and a very thick albedo. It tastes sweeter than grapefruit, with very little bitterness. The leaves are juicy green, on short petioles with pronounced rounded lionfish.
Varieties:
- grandis' pyriformis' Chinese pear-shaped pomelo, Chinese pear-shaped pomelo
- grandis' shangyuan'Ichang lemon, Ichang lemon
- maxima 'Kao Hawm' Round white-fleshed Thai pomelo, Round Thai pomelo with white flesh
- maxima 'Kao Nam Pueung' Pear-shaped Thai pomelo, White-fleshed Thai pomelo, Thai pear-shaped pomelo, White-fleshed Thai pomelo
- maxima 'Kao Paen' Flattened Thai pomelo, flattened Thai pomelo
- maxima 'Kao Thong Dee' Pink-fleshed Thai pomelo, Thai pink-fleshed pomelo
It is used in the same way as an orange, but it is more difficult to clean.
Citrus hybrids
Ancient citrus hybrids
Lemon
The botanical name Citrus lemon Citrus limon is a hybrid between citron and lime. Probably comes from China. Read: Housemate lemon care.
Synonyms and folk names: Lemon Lemon.
Varieties:
- Eureka lemon 'Eureka' Eureka lemon, Italian lemon, American lemon,
- Variegated lemon 'variegata' Variegated lemon, Pink-fleshed lemon,
Lemon wedges are served as a side dish with fish or meat, or with cold or hot tea. Lemon juice is used in lemonades, pies, other desserts, cooking and pharmaceuticals.
Orange
The botanical name Citrus sinensis Chinese citrus is a hybrid between pomelo and mandarin (other ancestors and later than Pomeranian). In the annals, orange is found in China around 1100 CE, and in India around 1300 CE. Caring for Orange at home
Synonyms and folk names: Orange Orange, Sweet Orange Sweet Orange
Varieties:
- 'Jaffa'Palestine orange
- 'Valencia'Valencia orange, Orange Valencia
- 'Washington Navel'or' brasiliensis' Bahia orange, Brazilian navel, Navel orange, Brazilian orange
- (Blood Group) cv. 'Maltese Blood'Maltese blood orange
- (Blood Group) cv. 'Sanguine'Blood orange
- (Navel Group) cv. 'Lane's Late 'Lane's late navel orange, Australian navel orange
- (Navel Group) cv. 'Leng'Leng navel orange, Early Australian navel orange, Thin-skinned navel, Thin-skinned
- (Navel Group) cv. 'Washington'Washington Navel, Orange "Washington Navel," Seedless sweet orange, Loose-skinned sweet orange, Orange "Washington navel," seedless sweet orange, free-skinned sweet orange.
Oranges are usually eaten fresh, or in the form of orange juice, slices are used in fruit salads, etc.
Bitter orange
The botanical name Citrus aurantium Golden citron is a hybrid between pomelo and tangerine. It comes from China, in the annals it is found around 300 BC. In Japan it is found in the annals around 100 AD. Around 100 BC sour orange appears in Rome.
Synonyms and folk names: Sour Orange Sour Orange Bitter Orange Seville Orange
Varieties:
- 'bergamia'Bergamot orange, Bergamot, Lemon bergamot, Bergamot. Grown in southern Italy, oil used in the perfume industry is extracted from the peel
- 'bigardia'Bigarade orange, Bigaradia
- 'buxifolia'Box-left orange, Boxwood (?) orange
- 'crispifolium'Curled leaf orange, Curly (?) orange
- 'myrtifolia'Chinotto orange, Myrtle-left orange, Myrtle-leaf orange (USA), Ornamental orange, Chinotto, Myrtle orange, Myrtle orange, Ornamental orange
- 'Rough Seville'Seville orange, Spanish orange, Uneven Seville orange, Spanish orange
- 'Smooth Seville'Smooth-skinned seville orange
The main use of sour oranges is the manufacture of marmalade, in this they have no equal.
Modern citrus hybrids
Grapefruit
The botanical name Citrus x paradisi Citrus Paradise is a hybrid between sweet orange and pomelo. The origin is apparently from the island of Barbados, about 1750.
Synonyms and folk names: Common grapefruit common grapefruit, Western grapefruit western grapefruit
Varieties:
- (Pink-fleshed Group) cv. 'Foster'Pink-fleshed grapefruit, Pink grapefruit
- (Pink-fleshed Group) cv. 'Red Blush'Red-fleshed grapefruit, Red grapefruit
- (Pink-fleshed Group) cv. 'Ruby'Reddish-rind grapefruit, Seedless pink-fleshed grapefruit,' Ruby'grapefruit, Red-barked grapefruit, Seedless pink grapefruit,' Ruby'grapefruit
- (Pink-fleshed Group) cv. 'Thompson'Pink-fleshed grapefruit, "Thompson" grapefruit, Pink grapefruit, Thompson grapefruit
- (White-fleshed Group) cv. 'Duncan'White-fleshed grapefruit,' Duncan'grapefruit, White grapefruit, Duncan grapefruit
- (White-fleshed Group) cv. 'Marsh'Seedless white-fleshed grapefruit,' Marsh'grapefruit, Seedless white grapefruit, Grapefruit Marsh
- (White-fleshed Group) cv. 'Ray Ruby '"Ray Ruby" grapefruit, Pomelo "Ray Ruby," Grapefruit "Ruby Ray," Pomelo "Ruby Ray"
- (White-fleshed Group) cv. 'Wheeny '"Wheeny" grapefruit, grapefruit Viney
It is used to make grapefruit juice, or, chilled, cut in half, the slices are peeled and separated from each other with a special knife
Tangelo
The botanical name is Citrus x tangelo Citrus Tangelo or simply Tangelo.
It was previously described as a hybrid between grapefruit and tangerine: Citrus paradisi x Citrus reticulata, however, in the most important taxonomic list ThePlantList (theplantlist.org) appears as a synonym of Pomeranz Citrus aurantium, probably can be considered as a variety.
In appearance, the fruits of Tangelo are a cross between orange and tangerine, but have a characteristic tip elongated like a nipple, sweet. Very few seeds, a dense peel that is easy to clean. Tangelo photos can be viewed here: Tangelo in the orchard
Varieties:
- Agli 'Ugli' Ugli fruit Jamaican hybrid
Tangor
The botanical name Tangor Tangor or Citrus reticulata x Citrus sinensis is a hybrid of tangerine and sweet orange. The fruits are large, like an orange, the thick peel is easy to clean, with bright orange flesh without seeds, tastes sweet and sour and fragrant. Tangor photo can be viewed here: Tangor in the orchard
Varieties:
- "Castle" Orange 'Temple' Temple Orange
Citrus broadleaf
Botanical name: Citrus broad-leaved Citrus latifolia, Tahitian lime Tahiti lime, Seedless lime seedless lime, Persian lime lime, Bearss lime bear lime. It is considered a hybrid of Mexican lime and citron, or, less likely, lemon. Used in the same way as Mexican lime. The peel is quite smooth and thin, the fruit is acidic and tastes like lime. The skin of the fruit does not separate well from the pulp. The flesh is light greenish yellow in mature fruits. Lime photos can be viewed here: Persian lime in the orchard
Rangpur
Botanical name: Citrus limonium Citrus x limonia - a hybrid between tangerine and lime, very cold-resistant. The fruits are strongly acidic, with orange skin and flesh. It is widely used as rootstock for other citrus fruits.
Synonyms and folk names: Rangpur Rangpur, Limandarin Lemandarin, Chinese lemon Chinese lemon, Medical lemon Medicinal lemon, Canton lemon Canton lemon or Cantonese lemon, Mandarin lemon Mandarin lemon, Mandarin lime Mandarin lime. Photo Citrus limonium
Varieties:
- 'gaoganensis' Gaogan lemon, Gaogan lemon
- 'hainanensis' Hainan Island lemon, Hainan lemon
- 'khatta'Khatta orange, Khatta orange
- 'otaitensis' Otaheite orange, Otaite (?) orange
- 'rangpur'Rangpur lime, Rangpur lime
Cumquat
Botanical name: Citrus Japanese Citrus japonica (formerly Fortunella margarita).
Other names and synonyms are Kumquat Cunquates, Fortunella Fortunella or Kinkan Kinkan.
Previously, the fortunella genus included about 13 species. However, the botanical community, with more careful modern research, leaves a single species Fortunella venosa in the genus Fortunella. And fortunella, the fruits of which can be sold in the grocery chain, is exactly Japanese Citrus (see ThePlantList). These fruits are distinguished by their shape - oblong, small, no more than 5 cm, orange, sweet and sour.
It is eaten whole, often sold in the form of candied fruits (preserved in sugar syrup). Photo Kumquat
Calamondin
Botanical name: Citrus microcarpa Citrus x microcarpa - a hybrid between tangerine and kumquat. Previously, kumquat belonged to the fortunella genus, and therefore Kalamodin did not belong to hybrids of the Citrus genus, however, in modern taxonomy, kumquat is called Citrus Japanese Citrus japonica, and therefore Kalamondin is, so to speak, a citrus hybrid.
Other names and synonyms are Calamondin Calamondin, Citrofortunella microcarpa Citrofortunella microcarpa, Golden lime Golden lime, China orange, Kalamansi lime Kalamansi lime, Panama orange Panama orange, Musklime Nutmeg lime, Philippine lime
Halves or quarters of calamondin are served with iced tea, seafood, meat, and sour juice is prepared from it. Photo Calamondin
Trifoliate
Botanical name: Citrus trifoliata citrus trifoliata, name approved (see ThePlantList). Although some sources still indicate the genus Poncirus separately, Trifoliata is clearly related to citrus. The fruit is small, about 6 cm in diameter, rounded golden, inedible.
Other names and synonyms: Poncirus three-leaf Poncirus trifoliata, Three-leaf lemon, Three-leaf orange. Photo Trifoliate
Trifoliate is the most cold-resistant citrus, tolerates frosts up to minus 20 degrees, and therefore is widely used as a rootstock for other species and hybrids of citrus.
Citrange
Botanical name: Citroncirus Webberi citrus hybrid. Hybrid between trifoliate and sweet orange Citrus sinensis x Citrus trifoliata or Citrange Citrange
The fruits are tasty, but mustard, used in the preparation of drinks, jam, marmalade. Frost resistance is worse than that of trifoliate - up to minus 10 degrees - the hybrid was created in order to remove the cold-resistant orange.
Citrangquat
Botanical name: Citroncirus Citrangequat is a hybrid between Citrange (trifoliate and orange) and Kumquat, in other words: Citrus sinensis x Citrus trifoliata x Citrus japonica.
The tree is low, slow-growing, practically without thorns. The fruits are rounded or oval, usually with a neck, there are few bones or not at all. It is eaten fresh, goes to the manufacture of lemonade and marmalade.
Limequat
Botanical name: Citrus Florida Citrus x floridana, popularly Limequat Limequat - a hybrid between kumquat and lime.
The fruit is small, oval, greenish-yellow in color, with a sweet skin and bitter, very sour pulp, there are many seeds. Used in whole food.
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* Citrus tristetsa (portug. Tristeza) is a viral disease of citrus crops grafted on bigaradium and lime rootstocks. Distributed in tropical and subtropical zones. There is no external quarantine object in the USSR. It is characterized by the death of conductive tissues in the place of fusion of the graft with the stock. With a slight lesion, leaf chlorosis develops, their plate twists, they dry out and fall. With severe damage, individual branches and entire trees die. In diseased plants, sprouting is weakened, roots rot; such trees bloom earlier and more profusely, but the fruits form small and fall prematurely. The virus is transmitted with planting and grafting material, citrus fruits, melons and other aphids, the dodder Cuscuta subinclusa. Control measures: verification of imported material in introduction-quarantine nurseries for three years; application of T. c resistant. trifoliate and rangpur lime rootstock; treatment against insect disease vectors.
Translated by Jah, revised and expanded by Natalie (2015)